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ReGional kinGdoms
The Sultan for both his military and economic powers depended on revenue collectors, the
chieftains and the landed aristocracy. The factional disputes among the chieftains as well
as within the royal family prevented them from controlling distant lands. The Provinces like
Bengal and Gujarat often declared their independence soon after their annexation. The
same happened to Deccan and Southern India. Even in the Ganga plain, Sultans could not
penetrate certain forested areas and they too remained under the rule of local chieftains.
The Sutlans despite having no stable economic base, and nobles being in debt, took money
from money-lenders. The system not only helped the local rulers but also ensured continuity
of the Islamic empire. The rulers like Ala-ud-din Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq tried to
expand their empire far and wide, but only for a short period.
monGol invasion
During Khalji rule (1290-1320), Mongols invaded India several times. Their invasions began
in 1219 with Mongol leader Changez Khan invading Transoxiana in the northeast Iran. Soon
the Delhi Sultanate also faced the Mongol onslaught. The Mongol invasions continued
thereafter until the early years of the rule of Muhammad Tughluq. They kept Sultans busy
in the northwest. The Mongols engaged in plundering the Sultanate ultimately resulted in
the decline of Khalji power. Many of the Mongols had embraced Islam during this time and
settled near Delhi.
Now I Know :
After Muhammad Ghori’s death in 1206, Qutb-ud-din took the title of Sultan and began to rule the Turkish territo-
ries in India with Delhi as his capital. This was the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate.
From 1206 till 1526, six major dynasties of Rajput Early Turkish Rulers, Khaljis, Tughluqs, Sayyid and Lodis ruled
from Delhi.
The real consolidation of the Turkish rule in India was done by Qutub-ud-din’s successor Iltutmish.
Iltutmish was succeeded by his daughter Raziya. Though brief, Raziya’s reign had many interesting features.
Balban was the most capable and powerful ruler among the early Turkish rulers.
After the Khalji’s, came the Tughlaqs. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, the second Tughlaq ruler devised many novel plans.
They however, failed due to hasty implementation and improper planning. The next Tughlaq ruler–Firoz is known
for his welfare measures, construction of canals and towns.
The last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate was the Lodhi dynasty. Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty defeated
Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat and Iaid the foundation for the Mughal rule in India.
(Assessment of Learning Outcome)
A. Tick () the correct option :
1. He became the Sultan after the death of Muhammad-bin Tughlaq:
(a) Khizr Khan (b) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
(c) Naziruddin Tuglaq (d) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
2. He was the last Lodhi ruler of the Delhi Sultanate :
(a) Balban (b) Sikander Lodhi (c) Ibrahim Lodhi (d) Bahlul Lodhi
62 Social Studies-7
