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i. The hiMadri (The greaTer hiMalaya)

This is the northern most and the highest range of Himalaya. These are highest of all
mountains. They run from Indus to Brahmaputra. The highest peak is Mt. Everest (8,848 m).

Others are Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri and Nanda Devi, etc.
ii. The hiMaChal (The leSSer hiMalaya)

The Himachal is to the south of the Himadri. The mountains here are lower than those

of the Himadri. This range has many beautiful valleys. The mountains slopes are covered
with thick forests of pine, deodar and fir trees. Many beautiful hill stations like Nainital,
Mussoorie, Shimla, Srinagar, Kullu Manali, Dharamshala, Darjiling, etc. are located in this
range.

Shimla Manali Mussorrie Nainital

iii. The Shivalik (The ouTer hiMalaya)

This is the lowest range of Himalayas. The average height of these ranges is about 1200
metres. It comprises dense forests and land which is suitable for cultivation.

2. the northern PlainS

The northern plains lie to the south of the Himalayas. They are formed by the rivers the
Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmputra. These plains are very fertile because they are made
of fine silt brought by the rivers. This fertile silt is called alluvium. The northern plains are
broadly divided into two parts.

• The Ganga Basin : It covers the
largest part of the northern plains.
It covers parts of Uttar Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana,
Rajasthan and West Bengal. The
Ganga orginates from the Gangotri
glacier in the Himalaya mountains
and enters the plains at Haridwar.
Haridwar Nainital
The tributaries of the Ganga such as the
Yamuna, the Gomti, the Gandak, the Kosi and the Ghaghara deposit fertile soil in these
plains.

• The Brahmaputra Valley : It lies in eastern India. The Brahmaputra river originates
from Tibet, where it is known as Tsangpo. It enters India through Arunachal Pradesh.
From Assam, it enters in Bangladesh, where it is called Jamuna.
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