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(ii) PrEsiDEntial Form oF govErnmEnt
In Presidential Form of Government, the President is elected directly by the people. The
Parliament has no control over the President. The President is both the nominal and the

real head of the government.

(iii) unitary Form oF govErnmEnt

In this system, based upon some common parameters, the central government divides the
entire territory into different parts which are known as ‘states’ and ‘provinces’. This is
done in order to provide for appropriate administration to the smaller regions.

Administration, no doubt, is more efficient when the state government comes into being.
The constitution or charter that brought the nation into existence also empowers the state
with a legislative assembly, that has its own political spectrum. Some additional features
of this system include:

• States are not permitted to secede from the central government or union government.
• State cannot pass any legislation that is contradictory to public policy or the laws of
the union or central government.
• In a debate about a particular policy of state, being eclipsed by the central government,
the judicial system’s intervention shall prove to be final.

• Legislative assembly of state cannot do honor to the doctrine set by the union or
central government.
• Laws made by legislative assembly of the state are restricted to the jurisdiction of
the state.
Laws made by legislation by the central government are applicable to all states.

(iv) FEDEral Form oF govErnmEnt

In a Federal Form of Government, there is a clear division of powers between two
governments — at the central level and at the state level. The Constitution in both rigid
and written. If there is a conflict between a central law and the state law over a subject
given in the concurrent list, the central law will prevail.
case sTuDy

EnDing Discrimination in EDucation

School segregation was another civil rights issue. In many places, Whites and Blacks were
not allowed to go to the same schools. School desegregation is when people are trying to
put Whites and Blacks into the same school so they don’t have to have separate schools.
They were trying to put them in the same schools or that Blacks would be able to be treated
the same as Whites. President John F. Kennedy helped support the people who wanted
desegregation, like James Meredith and black students at the University of Alabama.

James Meredith, a black man, wanted to go to an all white school called the University of
Mississippi. It was not surprising that the school objected. With the backing of the NAACP,
Meredith sued the University of Mississippi and won. President John F. Kennedy told the

Social Studies
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